Ans: A bank is a financial institution licensed as a receiver of cash deposits. There are two types of banks, commercial banks and investment banks. In most of the countries, banks are regulated by the national government or central bank.
Ans: Investment banking manages portfolios of financial assets, commodity and currency, fixed income, corporate finance, corporate advisory services for mergers and acquisitions, debt and equity writing etc.
Ans: Commercial bank is owned by the group of individuals or by a member of Federal Reserve System. The commercial bank offer services to individuals, they are primarily concerned with receiving deposits and lending to business. Such bank earns money by imposing interest on the loan borrowed by the borrower. The money that is deposited by the customer will be used by the bank to give business loan, auto loan, mortgages and home repair loans.
Ans: a) Retail or consumer banking
It is a small to mid-sized branch that directly deals with consumer’s transaction rather than corporate or other banks
b) Corporate or business bankingCorporate banking deals with cash management, underwriting, financing and issuing of stocks and bonds
c) Securities and Investment bankingInvestment banking manages portfolios of financial assets, commodity and currency, fixed income, corporate finance, corporate advisory services for mergers and acquisitions, debt and equity writing etc.
d) Non-traditional optionsThere are many non-bank entities that offer financial services like that of the bank. The entities include credit card companies, credit card report agencies and credit card issuers.
Ans: Consumer bank is a new addition in the banking sector, such bank exist only in countries like U.S.A and Germany. This bank provides loans to their customer to buy T.V, Car, furniture etc. and give the option of easy payment through instalment.
Ans: a) Checking Account: You can access the account as the saving account but, unlike saving account, you cannot earn interest on this account. The benefit of this account is that there is no limit for withdrawal.
b) Saving Account: You can save your money in such account and also earn interest on it. The number of withdrawal is limited and need to maintain the minimum amount of balance in the account to remain active.
c) Money Market Account: This account gives benefits of both saving and checking accounts. You can withdraw the amount and yet you can earn higher interest on it. This account can be opened with a minimum balance.
d) CD (Certificate of Deposits) Account: In such account you have to deposit your money for the fixed period of time (5-7 years), and you will earn the interest on it. The rate of interest is decided by the bank, and you cannot withdraw the funds until the fixed period expires.
Ans: You can operate your bank accounts in different ways like
Ans: Before opening a bank account, if it is a saving account, you have to check the interest rate on the deposit and whether the interest rate remains consistent for the period. If you have the checking account, then look for how many cheques are free to use. Some banks may charge you for using paper cheques or ordering new cheque books. Also, check for different debit card option that is provided on opening an account and online banking features.
Ans: A crossed cheque indicates the amount should be deposited into the payees account and cannot be cashed by the bank over the counter. Here in the image, number#2, you can see two cross-lines on the left side corner of the cheque that indicates crossed cheque.
Ans: Overdraft protection is a service that is provided by a bank to their customer. For instance, if you are holding two accounts, saving and credit account, in the same bank. Now if one of your accounts does not have enough cash to process the cheques, or to cover the purchases. The bank will transfer money from one account to another account, which does not have cash so to prevent check return or to clear your shopping or electricity bills.
Ans: Yes, bank will charge on ‘overdraft protection’ services but the charges will be applicable only when you start using the service.
Ans: APR stands for Annual Percentage Rate, and it is a charge or interest that the bank imposes on their customers for using their services like loans, credit cards, mortgage loan etc. The interest rate or fees imposed is calculated annually.
Q13. What is ‘prime rate’?
Ans: Basically, ‘prime rate’ is the rate of interest that is decided by nations (U.S.A) largest banks for their preferred customers, having a good credit score. Much ‘variable’ interest depends on the ‘prime rates’. For example, the ‘APR’ (Annual Percentage Rate) on a credit card is 10% plus prime rate, and if the prime rate is 3%, the current ‘APR’ on that credit card would be 13%.
Ans: ‘APR’ (Annual Percentage Rate) can be ‘Fixed’ or ‘Variable’ type. In ‘Fixed APR’, the interest rate remains same throughout the term of the loan or mortgage, while in ‘Variable APR’ the interest rate will change without notice, based on the other factors like ‘prime rate’.
Ans: There are many types of banking software applications and few are listed below
Ans: When any company borrows funds, from a financial institution (bank) or other resources the interest paid on that amount is known as ‘cost of debt’.
Ans: The ‘balloon payment’ is the final lump sum payment that is due. When the entire loan payment is not amortized over the life of the loan, the remaining balance is due as the final repayment to the lender. Balloon payment can occur within an adjustable rate or fixed rate mortgage.
Ans: The repayment of the loan by instalment to cover principal amount with interest is known as ‘Amortization’.
Ans: When repayment of the loan is less than the loans accumulated interest, then negative Amortization occurs. It will increase the loan amount instead of decreasing it. It is also known as ‘deferred interest’.
Ans: Both are used for the transfer of the amount between two accounts of same banks or different bank. ‘Cheque’ is issued by an individual who holds the account in a bank, while ‘Demand draft’ is issued by the bank on request, and will charge you for the service. Also, demand draft cannot be cancelled, while cheques can be cancelled once issued.
Ans: The debt-to-income ratio is calculated by dividing a loan applicant’s total debt payment by his gross income.
Ans: credit is a short-term loan made by the Federal Reserve Adjustment Bank (U.S) to the commercial bank to maintain reserve requirements and support short term lending, when they are short of cash.
Ans: Foreign draft is an alternative to foreign currency; it is generally used to send money to a foreign country. It can be purchased from the commercial banks, and they will charge according to their banks rules and norms. People opt for ‘foreign draft’ for sending money as this method of sending money is cheaper and safer. It also enables receiver to access the funds quicker than a cheque or cash transfer.
Ans: The classification of loan based on various risks and parameters like repayment risk, borrower’s credit history etc. is known as ‘loan grading’. This system places loan on one to six categories, based on the stability and risk associated with the loan.
Ans: A system to reduce the number of credit checks on financial transaction is known as credit-netting. Such agreement occurs normally between large banks and other financial institutions. It places all the future and current transaction into one agreement, removing the need for credit cheques on each transaction.
Ans: A credit check or a credit report is done by the bank on a basis of an individual’s financial credit. It is done in order to make sure that an individual is capable enough of meeting the financial obligation for its business or any other monetary transaction. The credit check is done keeping few aspects in concern like your liabilities, assets, income etc.
Ans: Any deposit that is held by one bank for another bank is known as inter-bank deposit. The bank for which the deposit is being held is referred as the correspondent bank.
Ans: It is a letter of credit or a contractual agreement between financial institute (Bank) and the party to which the letter is handed. The ILOC letter cannot be cancelled under any circumstance and, guarantees the payment to the party. It requires the bank to pay against the drafts meeting all the terms of ILOC. It is valid upto the stated period of time. For example, if a small business wanted to contract with an overseas supplier for a specified item they would come to an agreement on the terms of the sale like quality standards and pricing, and ask their respective banks to open a letter of credit for the transaction. The buyer’s bank would forward the letter of credit to the seller’s bank, where the payment terms would be finalized and the shipment would be made.
Ans: There is not much difference between bank guarantee and letter of credit as they both take the liability of payment. A bank guarantee contains more risk for a bank than a letter of credit as it is protecting both parties the purchaser and seller.
Ans: A cashier cheque issued by the bank on behalf of the customer and takes the guarantee for the payment. The payment is done from the bank’s own funds and signed by the cashier. The cashier cheque is issued when rapid settlement is necessary.
Ans: A person who signs a note to guarantee the payment of the loan on behalf of the main loan applicant’s is known as co-maker or co-signer.
Ans: Home equity loan, also known as the second mortgage, enables you to borrow money against the value of equity in your home. For example, if the value of the home is $1, 50,000 and you have paid $50,000. The balance owed on your mortgage is $1, 00,000. The amount $50,000 is an equity, which is the difference of the actual value of the home and what you owe to the bank. Based on equity the lender will give you a loan. Usually, the applicant will get 85% of the loan on its equity, considering your income and credit score. In this case, you will get 85% of $50,000, which is $42,500.
Ans: Line of credit is an agreement or arrangement between the bank and a borrower, to provide a certain amount of loans on borrower’s demand. The borrower can withdraw the amount at any moment of time and pay the interest only on the amount withdrawn. For example, if you have $5000 line of credit, you can withdraw the full amount or any amount less than $5000 (say $2000) and only pay the interest for the amount withdrawn (in this case $2000).
Ans: The bank earns profit in various ways
Q35. What are payroll cards?
Ans: Payroll cards are types of smart cards issued by banks to facilitate salary payments between employer and employees. Through payroll card, employer can load salary payments onto an employee’s smart card, and employee can withdraw the salary even though he/she doesn’t have an account in the bank.
Ans: There are two types of card payments
Q37. What ACH stands for?
Ans: ACH stands for Automated Clearing House, which is an electronic transfer of funds between banks or financial institutions.
Ans: Availability Float is a time difference between deposits made, and the funds are actually available in the account. It is time to process a physical cheque into your account.
For example, you have $20,000 already in your account and a cheque of another $10,000 dollar is deposited in your account but your account will show balance of $20,000 instead of $30,000 till your $10,000 dollar cheque is cleared this processing time is known as availability float.
Ans: The date on which the principal amount of a loan becomes due and payable is known as ‘Loan Maturity’. Yield is commonly referred as the dividend, interest or return the investor receives from a security like stock or bond, interest on fix deposit etc. For example, any investment for $10,000 at interest rate of 4.25%, will give you a yield of $425.
Ans: COFI is an index that is used to determine interest rates or changes in the interest rates for certain types of Loans.
Ans: For certain loan, there is a provision for the borrower to change the interest rate from fixed to variable and vice versa is referred as Convertibility Clause.
Ans: Charge off is a declaration by a lender to a borrower for non-payment of the remaining amount, when borrower badly falls into debt. The unpaid amount is settled as a bad debt.
Ans: ‘LIBOR’ stands for London Inter-Bank Offered Rate. As the name suggest, it is an average interest rate offered for U.S dollar or Euro dollar deposited between groups of London banks. It is an international interest rate that follows world economic condition and used as a base rate by banks to set interest rate. LIBOR comes in 8 maturities from overnight to 12 months and in 5 different currencies. Once in a day LIBOR announces its interest rate.
Ans: When a loan is charged with high interest rate illegally then it is referred as ‘Usury’. Usury rates are generally set by State Law.
Ans: A pay-day loan is generally, a small amount and a short-term loan available at high interest rate. A borrower normally writes post-dated cheques to the lender in respect to the amount they wish to borrow.
Ans: ‘Endorsing cheque’ ensures that the cheque get deposited into your account only. It minimizes the risk of theft. Normally, in endorsing cheque, the cashier will ask you to sign at the back of the cheque. The signature should match the payee. The image over here shows the endorsed cheque.
Ans: The different types of loans offered by banks are:
Ans: There are two different types of ‘Fixed Deposits’
Special Term Deposits: In this type of ‘Fixed Deposits’, the earned interest on the deposit is added to the principal amount and compounded quarterly. This amount is accumulated and repaid with the principal amount on maturity of the deposit.
Ordinary Term Deposits: In this type of ‘Fixed Deposits’, the earned credit is credited to the investor’s account, once in a quarter. In some cases, interest may be credited on a monthly basis.
The earned interest on fixed deposits is non-taxable. You can also take a loan against your fixed deposit.
Ans: Start-Up Loans
This type of Loan is offered to borrower to start their business and can be used to build a storefront, to acquire inventory or pay franchise fees to get a business rolling.
Line of Credit
Lines of credit are another type of business loan provided by commercial banks. It is more like a security for your business; the bank allows the customer to withdraw the amount from readily available funds in an adverse time. Customer or Company can pay back over time and withdraw money again without going into the loan process.
Small Business Administration Loans
It is a Federal Agency (U.S) that gives funding to small businesses and entrepreneurs. SBA (Small Business Administration) loans are made through banks, credit unions and other lenders who partners with SBA.
Ans: ‘Bill Discount’ is a settlement of the bill, where your electricity bill or gas bill is sold to a bank for early payment at less than the face value and the bank will recover the full amount of the bill from you before bill due date. For example, electricity bill for XYZ is $1000; the electricity bill company will sell the bill to the bank for 10% to 20% discount to the face value. Here, the bank will buy the electricity bill for $900 whose face value is $1000, now the bank will recover, full amount of bill from the customer i.e $1000. If the customer fails to pay the bill, the bank will put interest on the outstanding bill and ask the customer for the payment.
Ans: In ‘Bill Purchase’ the loan will be created for the full value of the draft and the interest will be recovered when the actual payment comes. For example, a ‘Sight draft’ is presented for which the loan is created for 100% of the draft value. The money is received after 7 days, and then the interest will be recovered for 7 days along with the principal amount.
Ans: Cheque discounting service is offered only by few banks. For instance, if you have a cheque of $3000 outstation and the cheque will take 7 seven days for clearance, then bank will offer you a service for early payment. The bank can make an early payment, but they will pay only for certain percentage of the actual amount, here they will pay you $2000 but they will charge interest on it and the remaining $1000 will be paid, once the outstation cheques get clear.
Ans: Banking finance definition gives us information about the definition of banking and the definition of finance. Banking refers to that process in which a bank which is a commercial or government institution offers financial services that include lending money, collection of deposits, issue of currencies and debit cards, and transaction processing etc.
The majority of banks works as profit-seeking enterprises, however, a few government banks work as non-profit organizations. Central banks function as government agencies and they regulate the interest rates and circulation of money in the total economy.
Ans: Credit analysis is the method by which one calculates the creditworthiness of a business or organization. In other words, It is the evaluation of the ability of a company to honor its financial obligations. The audited financial statements of a large company might be analyzed when it issues or has issued bonds. Or, a bank may analyze the financial statements of a small business before making or renewing a commercial loan. The term refers to either case, whether the business is large or small.
Ans: This can be a key issue, since maintaining good client relationships with important corporate clients is essential to a bank's success. A bank does not want to risk losing a multimillion dollar client over one loan application, but neither does it wish to make loans it does not believe can reasonably be paid back. How you answer this type of question will display your ability to handle customer relations well and offer creative solutions for clients, while not endangering the bank's position as a lender. Therefore, a good answer might be something like, "I would offer a smaller loan amount I believe the bank could safely extend, and then let the client know the exact steps it could take to allow me to extend it further credit, and offer to meet with it to review the situation at some appropriate point in the future to consider a larger loan."
Ans: You should definitely have a good, solid answer ready for this question, since the debt-to-equity (D/E) ratio is a key, if not the primary, financial ratio considered in evaluating a company's ability to handle its debt financing obligations. The D/E ratio indicates a company’s total debt in relation to its total equity, and it reveals what percentage of a company's financing is being provided by debt and what percentage by equity. Your answer should show you understand the ratio and know that, generally speaking, ratios lower than 1.0 indicate a more financially sound firm, while ratios higher than 1.0 indicate an increasing level of credit risk.
Beyond that, it should be noted that average D/E ratios vary significantly between sectors and industries. A more solid credit risk analysis includes an examination of the current state of the industry and the company's position within the industry, as well as consideration of other key financial ratios such as the interest coverage ratio or current ratio.
Ans: This question is more likely to be thrown at someone with previous experience in the field who is applying for a senior credit risk analyst position, but it still might show up in an interview for an entry-level credit risk analyst position with a bank. A good answer demonstrates you understand the concept, and a better answer likely includes an example. A credit default swap (CDS) is a frequently used method of mitigating risk in fixed-income, debt security instruments such as bonds, and it is one of the most common financial derivatives. A CDS is essentially a type of investment insurance that allows the buyer to mitigate his investment risk by shifting risk to the seller of a CDS in exchange for a fee. The seller of the CDS stands in the position of guaranteeing the debt security in which the buyer has invested.
Ans: High profit sales reduce credit risk by providing a greater profit incentive in case the borrower is unable to pay the debt. Credit risk concerns the likelihood that the borrower is not financially able to pay the debt. The less likely the debt may be paid, the higher the credit risk. This is related to the risk-return tradeoff. More significant returns are available as the likelihood of losing money in a particular contract increases. Since making a profit involves a certain amount of risk, some lenders offer loans to risky borrowers in anticipation of hearty profits. Riskier ventures are deemed appropriate whenever the potential return is substantial. When considering an agreement with high credit risk, lenders should look at borrower default probability, the size of the loan and the recovery rate.
Borrowers may be assessed for creditworthiness to determine if the potential profit properly reduces the credit risk. If the borrower is likely to default on the loan, the default may happen at any time during the loan term and could hit the lender with an expected loss during that accounting period. The likelihood of default within the first year may be used as a benchmark. Assuming the borrower defaults, the probable size of the loss is also calculated when determining credit risk. The recovery rate is used to estimate how much of the loan obligation may be recovered in the event of the borrower filing for bankruptcy or settling for a lower repayment amount. Using these three factors, the lender can compare different borrowers and decide how much risk is involved with every potential transaction. Borrowers with higher credit risks necessitate bigger loan profits to balance out the risk required of the lender. This credit analysis determines the ability of the borrower to pay back on the obligation to the lender.
Credit is generally rated in two different ways. Individuals and companies are more commonly rated using credit analysis and given a credit score that is used to compare credit among different parties. Investors looking for credit information about a particular company can look to a credit rating agency for rating information, such as Standard & Poor's. Credit analysis quantifies multiple, complex factors that are used in making credit decisions and creates a number or set of letters that express the creditworthiness of a particular person or company. This system is often used by banking institutions in assessing loan applications. Companies seeking investment directly from the public and from a broad range of institutional and individual investors are typically rated and given a letter grade by a credit rating agency. Credit risk is determined similarly for both individuals and large companies. The three factors determine the credit risk involved in providing a loan to any borrower and are standard practice in assessing risk.
Ans59: A credit analyst is responsible for gathering and analyzing financial data about clients, including paying habits or history, earnings and savings information, and purchase activities.
After the data has been gathered, a credit analyst evaluates the data and recommends a course of action for the customer. For example, a credit analyst who works with a bank or organization that issues credit cards collects data about clients who have defaulted in their payments. After analyzing the data, the analyst might recommend closing the card or reducing the credit line. Credit analysts are not limited to clients who have defaulted in their payments. A credit analyst can also be responsible for potential customers seeking new credit or customers who are being considered for credit line extensions.
Educational Requirements
The minimum educational requirement for the position of credit analyst is a bachelor's degree in finance, accounting or another related field. A bachelor's degree in finance or accounting exposes you to subjects like basic accounting and finance, statistics, ratio analysis, calculus, economics, industry assessment and financial statement analysis. These subjects are necessary to function as a credit analyst because they aid in risk assessment. Educational subjects like industry and ratio analysis are necessary because part of assessing the risk for a company includes assessing its environment.
While having a bachelor's degree in a finance-related field comes in very handy, some companies do not require it. Some banks and companies provide on-the-job training to credit analyst employees who do not have finance-related degrees. On most occasions, these companies require some work experience in an accounting/finance-related field or a graduate degree in a business-related field. Depending on the level of the job, a company might require a credit analyst to have a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation. (To learn more, read What Does CFA Mean?)
Other Required Skills
Some other skills that a credit analyst must possess include the following:
Ans: One major advantage to being a credit analyst is that you are not limited to a particular type of company. A credit analyst does not have to work only for a bank or credit rating agency. A credit analyst can work for any company that offers financing for its products and services. This means that a credit analyst can work with an automobile manufacturer, retail store, utility or even an energy company.
Another benefit of being a credit analyst is that it can lead to higher and exciting career paths like investment banker, portfolio manager and loan and trust manager. And, according to Salary.com, an average credit analyst with a bachelor's degree earns between $34,000 and $57,000, which is a pretty solid wage in this sector. (To find out who makes the big bucks, see Top 4 Most Competitive Financial Careers.)
Conclusion
While it sounds like a lucrative and easy job to do, being a credit analyst is also a stressful job. As a credit analyst, the decisions you make can determine the interest rate at which an individual or a company borrows, or whether the client gets a loan or a credit line and what amount he or she will receive. A credit analyst has huge responsibilities and the position should not be taken lightly. This can be a lucrative job, but just like any other one, it requires a lot of hard work.
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