Ans: A data structure is a way of organizing data that considers not only the items stored, but also their relationship to each other. Advance knowledge about the relationship between data items allows designing of efficient algorithms for the manipulation of data.
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Ans: A spanning tree is a tree associated with a network. All the nodes of the graph appear on the tree once. A minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree organized so that the total edge weight between nodes is minimized.
Ans: Linked list is a data structure which store same kind of data elements but not in continuous memory locations and size is not fixed. The linked lists are related logically.
Ans: The data element of a linked list is called a node.
Ans: A priority queue is a collection of elements such that each element has been assigned a priority.
Ans: A sequential array of characters is called a string.
Ans: Algorithm used to search the contents by comparing each element of array is called Brute Force algorithm.
Ans: Backtracking.
Ans: B+ tree. Because in B+ tree, all the data is stored only in leaf nodes, that makes searching easier. This corresponds to the records that shall be stored in leaf nodes.
Ans: Limitations of arrays can be solved by using the linked list.
Ans: Node consists of two fields:data field to store the element and link field to store the address of the next node.
Ans: A Queue is a sequential organization of data. A queue is a first in first out type of data structure. An element is inserted at the last position and an element is always taken out from the first position.
Ans: Open addressing (closed hashing),The methods used include:Overflow block.
Closed addressing (open hashing),The methods used include:Linked list,Binary tree.
Ans: Straight merging, Natural merging, Polyphase sort, Distribution of Initial runs.
Ans: The most widely strategies are listed below:
Ans: Two. One queue is used for actual storing of data and another for storing priorities.
Ans: Polish and Reverse Polish notations.
Ans: Compiler Design, Operating System, Database Management System, Statistical
analysis package, Numerical Analysis, Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Simulation
Ans: (A-B)*(D/E) = [AB-]*[DE/] = AB-DE/*
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Ans: Binary tree is used in data processing.
Ans: The different types of traversing are:
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Ans: Precision refers the accuracy of the decimal portion of a value. Precision is the number of digits allowed after the decimal point.
Ans: Ordering the data in an increasing or decreasing fashion according to some relationship among the data item is called sorting.
Ans: The expression of an specific data structure inside memory of a computer system is termed storage structure in contrast to a storage structure expression in auxiliary memory is normally known as a file structure.
Ans: The basic idea is to divide the problem into several sub problems beyond which cannot be further subdivided. Then solve the sub problems efficiently and join then together to get the solution for the main problem.
Ans: D-queue stands for double ended queue. It is a abstract data structure that implements a queue for which elements can be added to front or rear and the elements can be removed from the rear or front. It is also called head-tail linked list
Ans: Avl tree is self binary tree in which balancing factor lie between the -1 to 1. It is also known as self balancing tree.
Ans: Binary tree is a tree which has maximum no. of childrens either 0 or 1 or 2. i.e., there is at the most 2 branches in every node.
Ans: Header of the linked list is the first element in the list and it stores the number of elements in the list. It points to the first data element of the list.
Ans: In a directed tree any node which has out degree o is called a terminal node or a leaf.
Ans: Because stack will contain a head pointer which will always point to the top of the Stack.All Stack Operations are done using Head Pointer. Hence Stack ca be Described as a Pointer
Ans: Syntax Error-Syntax Error is due to lack of knowledge in a specific language. It is due to somebody does not know how to use the features of a language.We can know the errors at the time of compilation.
logical Error-It is due to the poor understanding of the requirement or problem.
Run time Error-The exceptions like divide a number by 0,overflow and underflow comes under this.
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Stack: Represents the collection of elements in Last In First Out order. Operations includes testing null stack, finding the top element in the stack, removal of top most element and adding elements on the top of the stack.
Queue: Represents the collection of elements in First In First Out order.Operations include testing null queue, finding the next element, removal of elements and inserting the elements from the queue.
Insertion of elements is at the end of the queue.Deletion of elements is from the beginning of the queue
Ans: When new data is to be inserted into the data structure but there is no available space i.e.free storage list is empty this situation is called overflow.When we want to delete data from a data structure that is empty this situation is called underflow.
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Solution: a. Possible at O(n)
Have two pointers say P1 and P2 pointing to the first node of the list.
Start a loop and Increment P1 once and P2 twice in each iteration. At any point of time if P1==P2 then there is a loop in that linked list. If P2 reaches NULL (end of linked list) then no loop exists.
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Solution: c. Linear solution is possible
Have two pointers say P1 pointing to the first node of L1 and P2 to that of L2. Traverse through both the lists. If P1 reaches L1’s last node, point it to the first node of L2 and continue traversing. Do the same thing for P2 when it reaches L2’s last node. (By doing this, we are balancing the difference in the length between the linked lists. The shorter one will get over soon and by redirecting to longer list’s head, it will traverse the extra nodes also.) Finally they will Meet at the Intersection node.
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{
if (T != NULL)
{
PrintTree (T-> Left);
PrintElement (T-> Element);
PrintTree (T->Right);
}
}
The above method ‘PrintTree’ results in which of the following traversal
PrintTree (T->Right);
PrintElement (T-> Element);
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Solution: d. Perform Inorder traversal
It is the properfy of BST and Inorder traversal.
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Solution: d. Both Enqueue and Dequeue is possible at O(1)
Have two pointers H pointing to the Head and T pointing to the Tail of the linked list. Perform enqueue at T and perform dequeue at H. Update the pointers after each operations accordingly.
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Solution: b. Linear solution exist
Have two variables Min and Max. Perform any tree traversal.Assign the first traversed leaf element to Min and Max for all other leaf elements check with these variables and update it accordingly. If a current element is < Min then update Min with that element. If it is > Min then check with Max.
Note: If you want to find the greatest and least among all nodes perform the checks for each node traversed.
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Solution:c Solution exist without any extra variables
As per BST property, the left most node should be the least one and the rightmost node should be the greatest. In other words, the first and last node of an Inorder traversal are the least and greatest among the nodes respectively.
Ans: Condition: None of the stack should indicate an overflow until every slot of an array is used.
Solution:c. 2 stacks can be implemented for the given condition
Start 1st stack from left (1st position of an array) and 2nd from right (last position say n). Move 1st stack towards right( i.e 1,2,3 ...n) and 2nd towards left (i.e n,n-1,n-2...1).
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Solution: Linear solution is possible without using any extra space
Perform an inorder traversal. Once you find K1 print it and continue traversal now, print all other traversed elements until you reach K2.
Note: If K1 == K2 stop once you find K1.
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