Ans: Network in general terms means a set of devices, connected with the help of some media in order to share some resources from a source to a destination and networking is a process of sharing the resources.
Ans: In a computer network the devices at different endpoint located at a different location are called nodes and the physical medium they using is called links.
Ans: Link is a physical or a logical component of a network to interconnect nodes or devices.
Ans: A router is a layer 3 network device used to establish communication between different networks. Basic roles performed by a router are:
Ans: Node is a connection point on network for data transmission. It can be a computer or printer or any type of device that is capable of sending and receiving the data over the network.
Ans: There are 7 OSI layers:
Ans: Gateway is a node of a network which can be used as an entrance for other network. It is a piece of hardware and different from default gateway.
Ans: By default, a router provides inter-network communication only for directly connected networks. To establish communication between indirectly connected networks, we require ROUTING. We can use static or dynamic (IGP or EGP) routing, according to topology requirement.
Ans: A connection between two nodes of the network is referred as point to point network and that link which connects both nodes is point to point link.
Ans: There are two types of client/server programs:
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a supporting program that is used by other programs such as to find the IP address of an email recipient.
Ans: Multiple Access allows more than one devices to transmit data at the same time span. Star or Mesh topology can be used for this.
Ans: A router’s routing table contains only best route. To select a route as best, a router considers the following parameters;
If all listed parameters are the same, then it would perform equal cost load balancing.
Ans: With the help of subnetting we can break a large network into smaller networks and assign IP addresses to those networks without changing our major network. It helps in utilizing our IP addresses more efficiently.
Ans: Difference between domain and workgroup as follows:
| Domain | Server is responsible for data safety | Centralize administration | Main aim is to secure data | Best suite in company environments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Workgroup | Every PC is responsible for its own security | No centralize administration | Main aim to save hardware resource | Best suite in the school, training institute, cyber cafe |
Ans: BGP is an exterior gateway protocol used to connect two or more different autonomous systems. It is widely being used to route the traffic of Internet. It can also work for internal AS but we have better protocols for internal connectivity. It has Administrative distance of 20 for external routes and 200 for internal routes
Ans: If a successor route (best route) fails, then the router sends a query message to its neighbor demanding a feasible successor (back-up route) and a query received by the router may be forwarded to other neighbors that could lead to a loop, as well. The wait for the response of query message is called “stuck in active” (SIA).
Ans: Gateway-to-Gateway protocol is now obsolete. This was being used for routing datagrams between internet gateways. It uses Minimum hop Algorithm.
Ans: In hierarchical namespace, names are defined in an invertedtree structure with the root at the top. The tree can have only 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127. Each node in the tree has a label, which is a string with a maximum of 63 characters. The root label is a null string (empty string). In this tree, all the labels have a different name, which guarantee the uniqueness of the domain names. A full domain name is a sequence of labels separated by dots (.). The domain names are always read from the node up to the root.
1. Fully Qualified Domain Name :If a label is terminated by a null string or empty string, it is called a fully qualified domain name (FQDN).
2. Partially Qualified Domain Name : If a label is not terminated by a null string, it is called a partially qualified domain name (PQDN). A PQDN starts from a node, but it does not end with the root.
Ans: Multi-homed host is defined as a node connected with more than one networks. Like a PC can be connected with both Home network and a VPN. These kind of hosts can be assigned with multiple addresses, one for each network.
Ans: Yes, but it will be limited to intra-area (same area) communication. By default, Inter-area communication is not possible without backbone area.